CARDEN
DNA PROJECT
Fifth
Report - May 2003
The
use of DNA for genealogy relies on the fact that the portion called the
Y-chromosome is passed unaltered from father to son over very many generations,
except for the rare occurrence of a mutation affecting one element (called a
marker).
For
explanations, see, for instance
http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.com/~allpoms/genetics.html
http://www.familytreedna.com/facts_genes.asp
For
the Carden DNA Project nearly 40 Y-chromosome analysis results have now been
received, including those of the first six participants which were covered in
my report dated January 2002. The first
25 were analysed by Oxford Ancestors in England,
but we are now using FTDNA of Texas, through whom analysis is carried out by
the University
of Arizona.
This
latest report omits most of the explanations given in earlier reports. I will
be happy to repeat them, and also go into much greater detail about the
technique, probability calculations, family trees of the participants, more
detail about origins of the family and so on, on request. If anyone else would like to take part,
please contact me.
Many
thanks are again due to Trish and Ron for kindly publishing this report on
their sites –
http://www.tcarden.com/tree/ensor/00CardenMay2003Report.htm
http://www.lightpatch.com/genealogy/cardendnaproject/
Arthur
Carden. 30th
May 2003
<carden@one-name.org>
Carden Origins
For
some years I have thought, without much foundation, that all Cardens world-wide
(apart from a few whose ancestors changed their surname to Carden from some
other name) descend from one of three common ancestors, and thus are part of
three unrelated groups with origins as follows.
Cheshire Origin
The
Carden name appears in Cheshire
from the 13th century onwards. Ormerod, the famous Cheshire
historian, states “at some point before
the reign of Henry II (i.e., before 1216) a family assumed the local name Carden.”
Essex Origin.
The
Domesday Book shows that in 1086 a William Cardon was working for Geoffrey de
Mandeville, one of the many followers of William the Conqueror who were given
confiscated land.
Mayo/Sligo Group.
Many
Cardens can trace their origins to these Irish west coast counties.
An
objective of the CARDEN DNA PROJECT is to show whether most Cardens are indeed
members of one of these three groups, and whether the three groups are distinct
or connected to one another. It has
already gone a long way to achieving this objective.
Results so far
What
appears here is a highly simplified summary.
The actual numbers for each individual appear in a table at the end of
this document.
Cheshire Haplogroup
About
half of all the nearly 40 results received so far (mostly 10 or 12 marker
tests) are identical, and those concerned undoubtedly have a common
ancestor. I call this identical DNA
signature the Cheshire Haplotype because several of the individuals concerned
are known to have very early Cheshire
origins. Many of the remainder differ by
only one or two mutations, and clearly also come from Cheshire. Probability calculations suggest that they
all had a common ancestor in about the year 1500 plus or minus a century or
more.
Five
of these identical results are 25-marker tests.
Compared with these another five 25-marker tests exhibit mutations. This is splendid –
the five identical ones define the Cheshire
haplotype as far as the additional markers are concerned, and the five with
mutations may in due course help to establish family groupings.
Mayo/Sligo Group
It
is remarkable that the signatures of two of the participants from Mayo/Sligo
only differ by two mutations from the Cheshire
haplotype. This implies that the
Mayo/Sligo Cardens may also have a Cheshire
ancestor. The earliest record of Cardens
in Co Sligo is dated 1617, well before a Carden emigrated from Cheshire to
Tipperary
about 1665. It is possible that their
ancestor emigrated separately from England in
earlier years, perhaps in Norman or Elizabethan times. However the other two participants from
Mayo/Sligo do not support this theory.
East Kent Haplogroup
Two
results (both from the original six) define the totally different East Kent
Haplotype. They come from Ron and Bill,
who both live in Kent, England. Bill’s was a welcome surprise, as it was
previously only guessed that his great grandfather, Sergeant George Carden,
born 1818 in France, had Kent ancestors.
Their common ancestor lived before 1700 and probably before 1450.
Individual
Participants and Family Groups
An
attempt is made below to comment on the DNA signature of each individual
participant. Comments and corrections
will be most welcome.
Matlock Group
Observant
readers will see that I have now transferred Tom Carding to the Matlock Group
from the Tipperary Group, although there is no proof that he descends from
Samuel, the common ancestor of the other four.
Both he and Jim have had 25-marker tests made, with identical results,
so that there is a 50/50 chance they have a common ancestor within 7
generations. We do not yet have a
25-marker test for a Tipperary Carden, unfortunately.
Apart
from Tom, the signatures of three of the group exactly match the Cheshire
haplotype, so not only is it clear that the Matlock group has Cheshire
origins, but that their common ancestor Samuel must have had the same
signature. Samuel Carden or Carding was
born about 1650 in Matlock. Michael’s
has two mutations.
The
Carden, Cardin and Carding names were all used by members of this group,
changing back and forth over the years.
Cecil Carding of
New Zealand is
the “senior” member of the group, being descended from Samuel’s elder son. <cebecar@xtra.co.nz>
Jim Carden lives in Stalybridge, England. James (“Jim”) has obtained a 25-marker result, which exactly
matches the results for four of the others who have obtained such results,
helping to confirm the 25-marker Cheshire haplotype He has his own very interesting web
site at <http://familytreemaker.genealogy.com/users/c/a/r/James-Carden>.
<JCarrbrook@aol.com>
John Carden, by
coincidence, also used to live in Stalybridge, but has recently moved to France.
His descent from Samuel seems highly probable, but his earliest proven ancestor
is Solomon Cardin/Carding who married in Manchester in
1841. However his DNA signature helps to
prove the link to Samuel. <cardennowwell@tiscali.co.uk>
Michael Carding
and his wife Marrion live in Chesterfield, England. He is the odd one out. All the other Matlock Cardens match the Cheshire haplotype exactly (whether over 10
markers or 25). Michael previously
showed one mutation, and now that he has obtained a 25-marker result shows
two! It appears that the first mutation
(at DYS 393) must have occurred at one of the five transmissions between
himself and Michael born 1787, his earliest common ancestor with John. The other mutation (at DYS 464d) must have
been at one of the eight transmissions between himself and Samuel born
1681. If John decides to have a
25-marker test done, he will also presumably be found to possess this second
mutation, as it would be remarkable for both of Michael's mutations to have
occurred since his line split from John's. <CBeagleowner@nasuwt.net>
Tom
Carding (Frank Tomas Carding) lives in Cheshire. His son Michael, head teacher of the local
secondary school, was very helpful as regards the Carden Gathering in
1998. There is a delightful tradition in
his family that a scoundrel named Captain John Carden from Tipperary
eloped with the unfortunate Miss Mary de Warren about 1750 and soon deserted her
and her infant son John, who used the name Carding rather than Carden. The family still treasures the scoundrel’s
sword. Since Tom had an identical
10-marker signature to Peter, of the Tipperary
group below this appeared to suggest that the scoundrel came from Peter’s
branch of the family, and might even have been the same as the Major John
Carden who eloped in 1772 with a Miss Sarah Surman. But there is evidence that Miss Mary de
Warren actually married a John Carding from the next village, so it is equally
likely that Tom’s ancestry comes more directly from Cheshire,
without having anything to do with Tipperary. Now that Tom has had a 25-marker test done,
which matches Jim (of Matlock’s) signature exactly, this and the name “Carding”
makes a connection with the Matlock group more likely than one with the
Tipperary group. <betom@tiscali.co.uk>
Tipperary
Group
A John Carden
emigrated to Tipperary,
probably directly from Cheshire,
in the 17th century. He is known to some
of us as the patriarch. His date of
birth is not known, but is likely to have been in the first half of the 17th
century as his sons were married in Tipperary in
1672 and 1673. He must have had the same
DNA signature as Peter O’N Carden, whose ancestry has been traced on paper back
to the patriarch over 8 generations, as otherwise Peter would not have exactly
fitted the Cheshire Carden haplotype.
Results have been received from five Tipperary Cardens, as
follows:
Arnold Carden
lives in Argentina. He and Arthur and Michael J (see below), all
members of the Barnane branch of the family, have identical signatures to each
other. These signatures, surprisingly,
differ from the Cheshire
haplotype and therefore from their “paper” ancestor, the patriarch, by six
mutations, far too many for biological descent from the patriarch. It is therefore certain that somewhere
between the patriarch and the common ancestor of Arnold, Arthur and Michael J
there was a “non-paternal event.” This
common ancestor was John Carden, born 1699, great grandson of the
patriarch. He was an only child and
there is some evidence that he himself was the child of a certain John Barry,
so perhaps it is the Barry DNA signature which we carry. Arnold’s and Arthur’s common ancestor was
born as recently as 1818, but the Michael J’s result greatly helped by taking
the birth of the common ancestor back to 1699.
Arthur Carden,
the organiser of this study, and of the 1998 Carden Gathering, lives near London. See Arnold
above. <carden@one-name.org>
Michael J
Carden is a member of the Barnane-in-Australia branch and lives
near Canberra. The identity of his DNA signature to that of
Arnold and Arthur proves that the branch is correctly named – proof of the connection to Barnane did not previously
exist, though there were strong indications.
His participation (paid for jointly by Arthur and his brother Michael)
has therefore been doubly useful. <michaelc@panasonic.com.au>
Dr Peter
O’Neil Carden lives in NSW, Australia. He is a member of the Killard branch of the
family, descended from the younger son of the patriarch. As mentioned above, Peter’s signature is
identical to the Cheshire Haplotype, which proves that the patriarch’s
signature was the same. Peter is
interested in probability theory and has made some contributions to the
understanding of DNA links and mutations.
<pscarden@shoal.net.au>
Richard A P
Carden lives in Norfolk. He will be remembered by many who attended
the Carden Gathering in Cheshire in
1998 for his financial management and administration of the event, as well as
for his cheerfulness. He is a member of
the Fishmoyne branch, descended from a younger grandson of the patriarch than
is the Barnane branch. His signature
differs by two mutations from that of the patriarch. There is a “reasonable” chance of about 1 in
20 of this happening in 10 generations, so a non-parental event need not have
occurred in his case. <r.carden@btinternet.com>
Penshurst /
Chiddingstone Cardens
It is likely
that the Cardens of Penshurst and Chiddingstone, Kent
(villages near Tonbridge), are descended from the John Carden of Tilston, Cheshire,
mentioned under Brighton
below. This idea is supported to some
degree by the results for two participants –
Mike Carden (Michael J),
of Cumbria,
exhibits two mutations (counting a double-jump as one mutation in accordance
with advice from Oxford Ancestors) from the Cheshire
haplotype. There is better chance that
he has a common ancestor with those with exact matches to that haplotype than
quoted for Richard A P above since many more generations may have elapsed. Mike is a member of the Maidstone
sub-branch. <carden_mike@hotmail.com>
Roger Carden of
London, a
member of the Loraine sub-branch, shares one mutation with Mike, but otherwise
fits the Cheshire
haplotype exactly. This suggests that
their common ancestor, William Carden of Penshurst, born 1760, had the same
signature as Roger, and Mike’s second mutation occurred in the six subsequent
generations.
<rogercarden@hotmail.com>
Brighton Cardens
There
is good evidence, found by Joan Carden of Spain, that the Cardens of Brighton
are descended from a Richard Carden born in Cheshire in about 1500. He became Dean of Chichester and paid for the
16th century stained glass window in Tilston church in Cheshire
which shows the sling and pheon which form part of the Carden coat of arms.
However
the two results obtained for Cardens in Brighton,
though identical to each other, are utterly different from the Cheshire
haplotype. They were provided by -
Donald Carden,
who lives in Luton and is a member of the “Hatter” branch of the Brighton
Cardens which included Sir Herbert Carden, known as the “father of modern
Brighton.” and
David Carden,
who lives in Brighton,
and is Town Clerk of a neighbouring town.
His result and that of Donald are so far removed from the other results,
despite their Cheshire
link, that a non-paternal event in their ancestry, perhaps many generations
ago, is virtually certain. David’s
branch of the Brighton
family is known as the “Virgo” branch.
He and Donald have a common ancestor in Robert Carden, born 1787, one of
whose sons (Samuel Virgo Carden, born 1815) started David’s “Virgo” branch of
the Cardens of Brighton, and another (John, born 1821) started Donald’s
“Hatter” branch. So the non-paternal
event occurred in 1787 or before. <davidcarden1@aol.com>
Another
possible explanation however might be that Donald’s and David’s are examples
of the “true” Cheshire
signature of a very early Cheshire Carden, and the non-paternal event took
place between this early Cheshire Carden and the common ancestor of all the
others. I am indebted to Joan Carden for
this suggestion.
Other UK Cardens close to the Cheshire Carden haplotype
Ernest Carden,
who lives in Cheshire
and is a member of the Winsford branch, almost certainly has Cheshire
ancestors. This is supported by his DNA
result, which shows only one mutation from the Cheshire
haplotype, even over 25 markers
Peter L Carden
lives
in Australia and is a member of the Randle branch, descended from a William
Carden whose son Randle Carden was born about 1830 in the old county of Flint,
just over the border from Cheshire. His
daughter Natalie persuaded him to participate.
His signature also exhibits one mutation from the Cheshire Carden
haplotype so it is confirmed that his branch is a Cheshire
one. This mutation is the same as that
of Scott, below. <nccarden@hotmail.com>
Peter W Carden
lives
near Liverpool. His sister Hazel Poole has been trying for
many years to trace their ancestor, a soldier, whose son was born in Halifax
about 1847. Since Peter’s signature is
three mutations away from the Cheshire
haplotype, his Cheshire
origin is somewhat doubtful. <CARDEN@peterw.fsnet.co.uk >
Tony Carden
(Dr A B G Carden) of Melbourne, Australia is
a member of the Bendigo
branch, the origins of which have been traced back to a town in Shropshire,
just over the border from Cheshire
and only a few miles from the hamlet of Carden.
As perhaps might be expected, he has a DNA signature identical to the Cheshire
haplotype. <abgcarden@bigpond.com>
Lincolnshire Cardens
Only one Lincolnshire Carden is a participant so far.
Stephen Carden,
who lives in Spain
not far from Joan Carden, has a DNA signature totally different from both the Cheshire
haplotype and the East Kent
haplotype. Therefore, either there is a
non-paternal event in his ancestry, or the Lincolnshire Cardens have their own
unique origin. <scarden@wanadoo.es>
Cardens of Virginia, USA
Chris,
Chuck, James E (rather surprisingly, see below), Judson and Raymond (12
markers), and Eddie (25 markers) all have DNA signatures identical to the Cheshire
haplotype So does Greg (25 markers),
though his VA roots are unproven. It
seems clear that they are all directly descended from Cheshire
ancestors, perhaps from a single immigrant.
Chris Carden
and his sister Beth Macdonald, together with Chuck below, have traced their
ancestry firmly to Robert Carden who died in Goochland
County, Virginia in
1785, and possibly, three further generations back, to a passenger from England
aboard the “Speedwell.” Beth
writes: “Chuck’s and our ancestry
probably converge back with my Robert James Carden (c.1702 VA) and Phyllis
Woolbanks, whom Chuck lists as Robert [above].
That particular Robert is a huge mystery and is not proven for Chris and
me.” <seasqrd@hotmail.com
(Chris Carden>, <bmacd@pop.dmci.net>
Chuck Carden
(Charles W Carden), see above, is a retired Marine and Chief of Police who came
to the Carden Gathering in Cheshire in
1998, and is soon to move to Cape Cod
from Colorado. <cwcarden7222@msn.com>
Eddie
Carden (Edward Glen) lives in Virginia
but was born in Tennessee.
His 25-marker result matches the Cheshire Haplotype exactly. His earliest proven ancestor is John Cardin of Mecklenberg Couny Virginia,
the father of Reubin Carden born about 1775. <ecarden@cox.net>
Greg Carden lives in Alabama. His Virginia
ancestry is not proven, though there are sufficient indications for him to be
included, at least for the time being, in this group. He and Eddie are the only
members of this group, so far, to have obtained a 25-marker result.
<carden@simplecom.net> (Greg’s mother):
James E (Eugene) Carden writes: “I am African American and have never met
another "Black" Carden except for my immediate family until about 2
years ago when I visited Halifax County
(Scottsburg) Virginia. I
think this is where my Great Grandfather, James H. Carden was born.” <CardenJE@aol.com>
Judson Wayne
Carden lives in Alabama. His third cousin Elisa Sanford persuaded him
to submit a sample. His earliest proven
ancestor is Leonard Carden, born about 1793 in Virginia. <esanala@yahoo.com>
(Elisa)
Raymond Bell’s
grandfather changed his name from Cardin to Bell
for no apparent reason. His daughter
Linda Tieman has traced his ancestry back to Leonard Carden, born about 1785 in
Virginia. Raymond lives in Georgia, and his daughter in
Texas.
<ltiemann@satx.rr.com> (Linda Tiemann)
Cardens of North Carolina, USA
Richard
below have DNA signatures identical to the Cheshire
haplotype, and undoubtedly share ancestors in Cheshire
with all those with similar signatures.
Greg, above, and Scott are the only members of the Virginia and North
Carolina groups to have obtained 25-marker results so far It is hoped that others will do so to clarify
the relationships.
Richard J Carden
lives in Michigan. His oldest known ancestor is William Carden
who was born in 1755 in Orange
County, North Carolina
and who died in 1824 in Jasper County Georgia.
As mentioned above, his 10-marker signature matches the Cheshire
haplotype exactly <Runningbull24@aol.com>
Scott Carden. Carol Scarlett, a keen family researcher who
came to the Carden Gathering in Cheshire in
1998, traced her distant cousin Scott and persuaded him to submit a sample. His
great great grandfather was George Carden born in Orange
County, North Carolina in
1828. A 25-marker result has recently
been obtained for Scott. One of his original Oxford Ancestors results (not
analysed by FTDNA) matches that of Peter L of the Randle branch below. It is not yet clear whether this is a
mutation or part of the Cheshire
haplotype, but suggests that Scott and Peter L have a common ancestor. A definite mutation in the last of his
25-marker results matches that of Jim of Matlock above, once again suggesting a
common ancestor. Neither of these casts
any doubt on his Cheshire
origin, but they suggest he and Richard J may descend from different
immigrants. <Cascam627@aol.com> (Carol Scarlett)
Thor Carden (Thor Foy
Carden) and his wife Tricia Swallows Carden live in Tennessee,
where Thor is Administrator of the Family Christian Academy. Trish kindly publishes this report on her web
site. They have traced Thor’s ancestry
to a John Carden who was born about 1776 and died in 1847 in Orange
County, North Carolina. Thor’s DNA signature differs from the
Cheshire Haplotype by two mutations, so there is only a “reasonable”
possibility that he shares an ancestor with others who match more closely. Thor suspects that his father’s exposure to
radiation while working on radar during the war might be the reason for these
mutations. He has traced a third cousin,
Robert L. Carden, who has agreed to submit a sample, the analysis of which will
be extremely interesting in this context.
<G-Ma@tcarden.com>
Other Cardens in USA
Bill Carden (William
Andrew) lives in Tennessee. His wife Rosemarie has persuaded Bill to submit
a sample to help identify his Carden origins.
It is identical with the Cheshire Haplotype over all 25 markers, so
undoubtedly he has a Cheshire
ancestor. Bill’s earliest proven ancestor, Ansel Carden, was also from
Tennessee, but if Rosemarie is able to go further back it may be appropriate to
include him in one of the groups above.
<rosemarie@wireco.net.>
Jerry Carden
(Jerry Alan Carden) who lives in Illinois,
traces his ancestry to a William Carden, born in Yorkshire, England in
1795. William and his wife came to the US in
1819. His DNA signature exactly matches
the Cheshire Haplotype, so undoubtedly he shares an ancestor in Cheshire
around 1500 with all those who have the
same DNA signature. He has recently
obtained a 25-marker result, showing two unique mutations, which may one day
enable a link to others in England to
be proven. <jcarden@ux1.cso.uiuc.edu>
Leo Carden (Robert Leo
Carden) was born in Oklahoma,
and before retirement was a teacher and then for many years Director of a Technology Center. His relative Carrie Bench has traced their
ancestry to William Carden, born about 1755 in Georgia. The first three known generations lived in
Georgia and the next three in Alabama.
<lcarden25@yahoo.com>
Mayo-Sligo Group
As
mentioned above, it is remarkable that the signatures of two participants from
Co Sligo are close to the Cheshire Haplotype, despite the fact that Cardens
were to be found in these west coast Irish counties as early as 1617, well
before a Carden emigrated from Cheshire to Tipperary about 1665 (and before
Cromwell banished his opponents to the western counties). Presumably their ancestor emigrated
separately from England in
earlier years, perhaps in Norman or Elizabethan times.
Two
other participants have rather different signatures, which tends to reduce the
force of the above.
Gerard Carden,
who lives in Glasgow, Scotland,
has traced his ancestry to Mathew Carden, whose son Patrick was married in Co
Sligo in 1880. His DNA signature is
identical to the Cheshire
haplotype as regards 9 out of the 10 markers analysed by Oxford Ancestors, but
shows a triple-jump in the remaining one, which they regard as two
mutations. This suggests a common
ancestor with those possessing the exact Cheshire
haplotype about 20 or 30 generations ago, which means this ancestor might have
lived in abou